Ebook Lamarck's Revenge: How Epigenetics Is Revolutionizing Our Understanding of Evolution's Past and Present
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Lamarck's Revenge: How Epigenetics Is Revolutionizing Our Understanding of Evolution's Past and Present
Ebook Lamarck's Revenge: How Epigenetics Is Revolutionizing Our Understanding of Evolution's Past and Present
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Review
"A fascinating journey into the relatively new field of epigenetics . . . Skilled in both science and writing, Ward walks readers through its history, mechanisms, and the current fierce debate over its role. The best introduction so far to one of the most controversial elements of 21st-century evolutionary science." - Kirkus Starred Review"Fascinating … [Ward] makes a powerful case for more study." - Coast Weekend"A NEW HISTORY OF LIFE deserves kudos for infectious élan, impressive scholarship and a plausible accounting of life’s herky-jerky, hurry-up-and-wait tribulations." - Wall Street Journal (A NEW HISTORY OF LIFE)If you want to open your mind to the depths of modern thinking, then A NEW HISTORY OF LIFE is for you. Read it!" - San Francisco Book Review (A NEW HISTORY OF LIFE)"A NEW HISTORY OF LIFE makes for an exciting and comprehensive read, enthralling to science nerds and lay readers who are curious about the rich natural history of planet Earth." - Nature World News (A NEW HISTORY OF LIFE)"The authors, both scientists, propose several different ways of looking at the history of life on earth, including the role that catastrophes played in shaping the development of living things." - Seattle Times (A NEW HISTORY OF LIFE)
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About the Author
Peter Ward, Ph.D. is a paleontologist and astrobiologist whose most recent book is A New History of Life, with coauthor Joe Kirschvink. Ward’s Rare Earth, coauthored with Don Brownlee, was named by Discover Magazine as one of the ten most important science books of the year and his Gorgon was awarded a Washington State Governor’s Book Award. He has appeared often on the Art Bell Coast to Coast radio program and on Science Friday with Ira Flatow. Ward lives in Washington State.
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Product details
Hardcover: 288 pages
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing (August 14, 2018)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 1632866153
ISBN-13: 978-1632866158
Product Dimensions:
6.6 x 1 x 9.6 inches
Shipping Weight: 1.2 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
Average Customer Review:
2.3 out of 5 stars
11 customer reviews
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#304,475 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
The main thesis of this book, which is increasingly accepted in a growing body of scientific literature, is that Darwin’s theory of evolution is incomplete and cannot explain relatively rapid episodes of species proliferation. The proposed explanation adds to evolution theory neo-Lamarckism, based largely on novel knowledge in epigenetics, environmental pressures and, increasingly, human action as producing inheritable changes without changes in the genes.As put by the author: “according to current evolutionary theory, events in our lives […] are meaningless to the children we might produce […] The revolution that is epigenetics demonstrates that this is not true†(Kindle location 191-197). Furthermore “New species develop rapidly. A small subpopulation of the ancestral form gives rise to the new species†and “New species originate in a very small part of the ancestral species’ geographic extent—in an isolated area at the periphery of the range†(Kindle location 901-905). Applied to the preset phase of human evolution, the conclusion is that iabsence of predators will decrease natural selection of humans, but “if not natural selection, inevitably there will be ‘directed human evolution.’ The most important new tool allowing us to drive our own evolution is the […]revolutionary gene-insertion technique known as CRISPR-Cas9. It is the very novelty of the technique that renders obsolete so many prior speculations about future evolution†(Kindle location 3537). So far, interesting, important and quite convincing. But then the author moves into doubtful speculations, such as on bad impacts of wars and stress. The author (kindle location 1331 ff) seems to think that periods of wars and other stresses may have bad epigenetic inheritable impacts. But the conjecture that they may have impacts for the better is not less and perhaps more reasonable. After all, stress is endemic in all forms of life aware of death, and for sure of in all periods of Huminin and Homo sapiens existence.Basing conclusions on the rate of mass shootings in the USA, used of drugs and so on (in the Epilogue) demonstrates ignorance oftheir deep history. And mentioning opinions expressed by the author on stress levels raised by the election of Trump as compared to Beverly Clinton and their impact on mass shootings (Kindle location 3844) impair the quality of the book as a whole.Professor Yehezkel DrorThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Peter Ward does a credible job in explaining what we currently think we know about what epigenetics is and how it may have affected life on our planet, especially humans. The three main causes of epigenetic changes are explained; however, exactly what triggers such changes is highly speculative and difficult, at best, to accept without a large helping of salt.Ward engages in several political asides that contribute nothing to his thesis. He refers to American war heroes who fought the Nazis as “the so-called Greatest Generation of World War II†and baby boomers (of whom he is a member) as “highly efficient killersâ€. Mr. Ward: You might not have been able to deride your fellow Americans from your ivory tower in academia had those whom you denounce lost that fight.Ward’s take on what he calls the rise in twentieth-century violence is confounding to say the least. He tells us that, as populations increase, the absolute rate of violent crime also increases. Therefore, there has been an increase in crime. Well, okay, but isn’t that true of most anything? What is even more perplexing is the author’s acknowledgement that he is using statistics in just such a way to bolster his argument. I wonder what Steven Pinker would have to say about his take on increasing violence.I was initially quick to defend the author when I saw what appeared to be a quick assault on Ward and his ideas; however, after thoroughy ingesting the arguments, I can no longer do so. The author has overstepped the objective bounds of good scientific inquiry and has tainted an otherwise much needed attempt to bring a greater awareness to the public of a very important topic in evolutionary thought.
I found this book in my local library and checked it out with enthusiasm and great hopes. I have always felt that Lamarck was ill treated by the Biological establishment, who criticize Lamarck and claim he is wrong for making mistakes also made by other scientists of his era. To my great disappointment, Lamarck's Revenge turns out to be confusingly written and full of errors or both logic and fact. To begin with, Peter Ward credits Lamarck with the discovery of epigenetics, which is simply untrue. Lamarck advanced the idea that traits acquired by an individual animal or plant's lifetime could be passed on to it offspring, an idea that was clever but only partly true and in some circumstances. Actual epigenetics is the science of how different cells within the same individual body end up as cells that have different anatomical and biochemical features even though all have identical genetic material. This is very interesting, but it is only indirectly related to what Lamarck was talking about.The most serious issue I have with this book is that Ward seems to think that Natural Selection does not apply to epigenetic changes, whereas it clearly does. We have known since the late 1970's that Natural Selection acts much more quickly than Darwin imagined, and that this may or may not be related to epigenetics. Work by John Endler, Dave Resnick and Rosemary and Peter Grant, among others have demonstrated that Darwinian Natural Selection can be observed with a few years if your data is through enough and carefully collected. This means that rapid changes within populations may be epigenetic in nature, but it is not an established fact the way Ward seems to regard it, and they are clearly a result of Darwinian processes.Instead of recognizing this, Ward uses his overly simplistic idea to criticize Darwin, who actually was quite interested in Lamarck's ideas and even incorporated some of them in his later work. This of course reveals that Ward's statement on page 4 that, "Darwin believed that his own theories about evolution could not coexist with any aspect of what Lamarck postulated," is utter nonsense. It is easier to understand Lamarck's ideas if we recognize that he started his career as a botanist, and that plants can actually pass on acquired characters, because plants do not establish germ lines in the developing embryo the way animals do. Darwin relied mostly on animal examples and thus had somewhat different ideas, although he did not completely reject Lamarckian thinking. In any case, Ward acknowledges on page 9 that "In Lamarck's and even Darwin's time there was no field of genetics, or knowledge of DNA," and then claims of page 12 that "The favored theory of Charles Darwin... is that the major process of evolution is driven by natural selection (true) combined with genetic change by mutation (Clearly untrue)." If Darwin did not understand genetics he had no theory of mutation. When Ward states that, "Darwin believed changes (in domestic animals) that changes that were saved came from the slow process of mutation" (p 132) he is talking nonsense. It seems that Ward is talking about geneticists, not evolutionary biologists, who were the ones who actually attacked Lamarck (and Darwin) and believed that mutation drove all heritable change in the early 20th century. This becomes obvious on page 94, when Ward starts to argue that changes in early lifeforms may have arisen because "entire chunks of DNA (were) inserted either by other cells, or perhaps more frequently by viruses." He then claims that this is not Darwinian evolution...It is Lamarckian. What it is is nonsense. This is really an odd take on macromutations, which was the argument made by early 20th century geneticists who were rejecting both Darwin and Lamarck. Just because Ward say something is Lamarckian does not make it so. He seems to believe that any form of genetic change that is not mutation is epigenetic and that this renders it Lamarckian in nature. Apparently he thinks that Lamarck understood epigenetics and that Darwin understood mutation, even though both were long dead when geneticists developed the concept of mutation.Epigenetics is a relatively new idea that got its start when some developmental biologists started asking how the same genome could produce a wide range of cell types (hundreds in humans). As our knowledge of how genes function has greatly increased in the 21st century, the idea of epigenetics has risen to prominence, and some have acknowledged that epigenetics can lead to inheritance of some acquired traits that are related to whether or not genes are turned on or off during development and the formation of multiple cell types. As an example, cancer is now recognized as a disease that results from mistakes in turning on or off cell growth, but it is not really a heritable trait. The term mutation did not exist until Hugo DeVries coined the term in 1901, almost 20 years after Darwin had passed. Ward (and the reviewers who passed this book) should all be forced to take a review course in Evolutionary Biology.Another issue is that Ward does not even seem to understand his own argument. On pp 183-185 he throws in a section on The Great Chinese Famine for reasons that are unclear. In the middle of this section on pg 184, Ward blames this famine on "the crackpot theories of the Soviet pseudoscientist Trofim Lysenko. This is odd for Lysenko's great error, which led to his reputation as a failure was an overreliance on Lamarckian ideas. Lysenko's theories of environmentally acquired inheritance depended heavily on applying Lamarckian ideas where they were clearly wrong, much in the same way that Ward applies Lamarckian concepts to inappropriate phenomena in this book. Fifty years from now will we read of famines resulting from the crackpot ideas of Peter Ward?If you want to learn about epigenetics, read Nessa Carey's The Epigenetics Revolution. Leave Lamarck's Revenge on the bookstore shelf alongside other not very useful books that may cause more harm than good.
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